Migraine

Common Questions & Answers
To prevent a migraine attack, you'll first want to identify your triggers. Keep a journal on hand, and when a migraine attack occurs, note the time, what you were doing beforehand, and what, if any, treatments helped relieve your symptoms.
Find a dark, quiet space to rest. To ease symptoms, take over-the-counter pain relievers or prescription medications, as recommended by a doctor. Apply a hot or cold compress to your neck or forehead, and drink water or other hydrating beverages.
It's important to see a doctor if you experience head pain that is severe and long-lasting, occurs often, or doesn't respond well to medication.

Michael Yang, MD
Medical Reviewer
Dr. Michael Yang is a neurologist and headache specialist at Emplify Health, and an adjunct professor of neurology at the University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine.
He completed his residency in neurology at University Hospitals Case Medical Center in Cleveland, and went on to complete a headache fellowship at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center in New Hampshire. He is certified in headache medicine by the United Council for Neurologic Subspecialties.

Justin Laube, MD
Medical Reviewer
Justin Laube, MD, is a board-certified integrative and internal medicine physician, a teacher, and a consultant with extensive expertise in integrative health, medical education, and trauma healing.
He graduated with a bachelor's in biology from the University of Wisconsin and a medical degree from the University of Minnesota Medical School. During medical school, he completed a graduate certificate in integrative therapies and healing practices through the Earl E. Bakken Center for Spirituality & Healing. He completed his three-year residency training in internal medicine at the University of California in Los Angeles on the primary care track and a two-year fellowship in integrative East-West primary care at the UCLA Health Center for East-West Medicine.
He is currently taking a multiyear personal and professional sabbatical to explore the relationship between childhood trauma, disease, and the processes of healing. He is developing a clinical practice for patients with complex trauma, as well as for others going through significant life transitions. He is working on a book distilling the insights from his sabbatical, teaching, and leading retreats on trauma, integrative health, mindfulness, and well-being for health professionals, students, and the community.
Previously, Dr. Laube was an assistant clinical professor at the UCLA Health Center for East-West Medicine and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, where he provided primary care and integrative East-West medical consultations. As part of the faculty, he completed a medical education fellowship and received a certificate in innovation in curriculum design and evaluation. He was the fellowship director at the Center for East-West Medicine and led courses for physician fellows, residents, and medical students.

Steven R. Levine, MD
Medical Reviewer
After receiving his medical degree at the Medical College of Wisconsin and completing neurology residency at the University of Michigan, he completed a two-year fellowship in cerebrovascular disease and stroke at Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, an NIH Designated Center for Stroke Research in Detroit, where he studied human in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy of the brain during stroke, under the mentorship of K.M.A. Welch, MBChB.
He became involved in acute stroke clinical trials and was one of seven site principal investigators in the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Trial, which led to the first FDA-approved treatment for acute ischemic stroke in 1996. In the 1990s he coined the term “telestroke” in a new concept paper envisioning the use of real-time telemedicine to increase tPA treatment within acute stroke care. Almost 18 years later, telestroke is now part of routine stroke care.
Dr. Levine’s research has been continuously funded by the NIH for over 30 years. He has been active in acute and preventive stroke clinical trials for over 30 years. Levine has mentored over 30 stroke fellows, over 70 residents, and many students and junior faculty. He serves on multiple editorial boards and as a consultant for NIH, AHA-ASA, NSA, and the pharmaceutical industry.
Levine is involved with multiple NIH-NINDS clinical trial networks (NeuroNEXT and StrokeNET) and served as scientific PI (PCORI grant) to develop mobile apps for stroke patients and caregivers. He has been listed in several directories of honors, including Best Doctors in America, America’s Top Doctors, Best Doctors in New York, Best Heart and Stroke Doctors, New York Super Doctors, and U.S. News & World Report Top Doctors. He has received several institutional teaching and mentoring grants (K24, T32, R25) and awards, including the 2017 Alfred Stracher Faculty Recognition Award. Levine has received The C. Miller Fisher, MD, Neuroscience Visionary Award (given annually for “significant contributions to the mission of the American Stroke Association and for clear and lasting contributions to neuroscience”) at The NorthEast Cerebrovascular Consortium (NECC).
Levine is a fellow of the AAN and the AHA Stroke Council, and is an elected member and fellow of the ANA. He has published over 230 peer-reviewed articles (including in The New England Journal of Medicine, JAMA, Circulation, Brain, and Annals of Neurology), 60 invited contributions or reviews, 30 editorials, 50 book chapters, and three books in the field of stroke. He serves on multiple editorial boards (including Stroke as Special Section Editor of Controversies and Debates) and has been a peer reviewer for over 70 journals. He actively attends on the stroke service and sees outpatients in a stroke clinic.

Sanjai Sinha, MD
Medical Reviewer
Dr. Sinha did his undergraduate training at the University of California in Berkeley, where he graduated magna cum laude. He earned his medical degree at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City in 1998 and completed his internship and residency training at the New York University School of Medicine in 2001. Subsequently, he worked with the Department of Veterans Affairs from 2001 to 2012 and held faculty appointments at both the Mount Sinai School of Medicine and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons.
In 2006, he won the VISN3 Network Director Award for Public Service and a commendation from the secretary of Veterans Affairs for his relief work after Hurricane Katrina. He joined Weill Cornell Medical College in 2012, where he is an assistant professor of clinical medicine and the director of the care management program, as well as a practicing physician.
In addition to his work for Everyday Health, Sinha has written for various publications, including Sharecare and Drugs.com; published numerous papers in peer-reviewed medical journals, such as the Journal of General Internal Medicine; and presented at national conferences on many healthcare delivery topics. He is a fellow of the American College of Physicians.

Jason Paul Chua, MD, PhD
Medical Reviewer
Jason Chua, MD, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Neurology and Division of Movement Disorders at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. He received his training at the University of Michigan, where he obtained medical and graduate degrees, then completed a residency in neurology and a combined clinical/research fellowship in movement disorders and neurodegeneration.
Dr. Chua’s primary research interests are in neurodegenerative disease, with a special focus on the cellular housekeeping pathway of autophagy and its impact on disease development in diseases such as Parkinson disease. His work has been supported by multiple research training and career development grants from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and the American Academy of Neurology. He is the primary or coauthor of 14 peer-reviewed scientific publications and two peer-reviewed online learning modules from the American Academy of Neurology. He is also a contributing author to The Little Black Book of Neurology by Osama Zaldat, MD and Alan Lerner, MD, and has peer reviewed for the scientific journals Autophagy, eLife, and Neurobiology of Disease.

Samuel Mackenzie, MD, PhD
Medical Reviewer
Samuel Mackenzie, MD, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Child Neurology, Neuromuscular Disease, and Neuroscience at University of Rochester Medical Center. He completed his undergraduate studies at Cornell University before earning a master's degree in exercise science at the University of Delaware and his MD and PhD degrees at SUNY Upstate Medical University. He completed residency in child neurology at the University of Michigan and fellowship in neuromuscular medicine at The Ohio State University and Nationwide Children's Hospital.
Dr. Mackenzie's research interests broadly involve developing new ways to restore motor function in patients with neurological disease and developing gene-based treatments for patients with neuromuscular conditions. He also has an interest in health policy and advocacy, specifically as these relate to how scientific discoveries can best be leveraged for societal good in an equitable and cost-effective manner.

Mark Youssef, MD, MA, MFA
Medical Reviewer
Dr. Mark Youssef is currently a headache specialist with vast experience treating chronic migraine, along with other headache disorders such as cluster headache, post traumatic headache, and medication overuse headache. He is also a writer and publishes in medical and literary journals. He has been personally battling against chronic migraine for more than half of his life.

Chung Yoon, MD
Medical Reviewer

Jessica Baity, MD
Medical Reviewer
Jessica Baity, MD, is a board-certified neurologist practicing in southern Louisiana. She cares for a variety of patients in all fields of neurology, including epilepsy, headache, dementia, movement disorders, multiple sclerosis, and stroke.
She received a bachelor's degree in international studies and history from the University of Miami and a master's in international relations from American University. She graduated from the Louisiana State University School of Medicine, where she also did her internship in internal medicine and her residency in neurology.
Prior to practicing medicine, she worked in international relations and owned a foreign language instruction and translation company.

Kara Smythe, MD
Medical Reviewer
Kara Smythe, MD, has been working in sexual and reproductive health for over 10 years. Dr. Smythe is a board-certified fellow of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and her interests include improving maternal health, ensuring access to contraception, and promoting sexual health.
She graduated magna cum laude from Florida International University with a bachelor's degree in biology and earned her medical degree from St. George’s University in Grenada. She completed her residency in obstetrics and gynecology at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York. She worked in Maine for six years, where she had the privilege of caring for an underserved population.
Smythe is also passionate about the ways that public health policies shape individual health outcomes. She has a master’s degree in population health from University College London and recently completed a social science research methods master's degree at Cardiff University. She is currently working on her PhD in medical sociology. Her research examines people's experiences of accessing, using, and discontinuing long-acting reversible contraception.
When she’s not working, Smythe enjoys dancing, photography, and spending time with her family and her cat, Finnegan.
- Amiri P et al. Migraine: A Review on Its History, Global Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Comorbidities. Frontiers in Neurology. February 23, 2022.
- Migraine. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. January 31, 2025.
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