Urological Health

Common Questions & Answers
Incontinence, urinary tract infections (UTIs), and interstitial cystitis are common urological problems, as are kidney stones, disease, and infections. Doctors also treat cancers of the bladder, prostate, kidneys, penis, and testicles as part of urological health.
Stay hydrated, apply good habits when using the bathroom, train your pelvic floor, and avoid ingredients that irritate the bladder, such as caffeine or intense spices. Quitting or avoiding smoking can reduce your risk of urological cancers.
UTIs can lead to frequent urination that burns, an increased need to urinate during the night, or cloudy or bloody urine. You might also feel belly pain, back pain just beneath the ribs, and a very high or low temperature.
Benign prostate enlargement is common in older men. Although it may cause alarm, it isn’t a type of cancer, won’t increase your risk of cancer, and doesn’t pose a serious threat to health. However, BPE can interfere with urination.
For small stones, a doctor may give medication to soothe pain or make kidney stones easier to pass. Larger stones may require procedures like extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, or nephrolithotomy.

Igor Kagan, MD
Medical Reviewer
Igor Kagan, MD, is an an assistant clinical professor at UCLA. He spends the majority of his time seeing patients in various settings, such as outpatient clinics, inpatient rounds, and dialysis units. He is also the associate program director for the General Nephrology Fellowship and teaches medical students, residents, and fellows. His clinical interests include general nephrology, chronic kidney disease, dialysis (home and in-center), hypertension, and glomerulonephritis, among others. He is also interested in electronic medical record optimization and services as a physician informaticist.
A native of Los Angeles, he graduated cum laude from the University of California in Los Angeles (UCLA) with a bachelor's in business and economics, and was inducted into the Phi Beta Kappa honor society. He then went to the Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California (USC) for his medical school education. He stayed at USC for his training and completed his internship and internal medicine residency at the historic Los Angeles County and USC General Hospital. Following his internal medicine residency, Kagan went across town to UCLA's David Geffen School of Medicine for his fellowship in nephrology and training at the UCLA Ronald Reagan Medical Center. After his fellowship he stayed on as faculty at UCLA Health.

Stephanie Young Moss, PharmD
Medical Reviewer
Stephanie Young Moss, PharmD, has worked in pharmacy, community outreach, regulatory compliance, managed care, and health economics and outcomes research. Dr. Young Moss is the owner of Integrative Pharmacy Outcomes and Consulting, which focuses on educating underserved communities on ways to reduce and prevent health disparities. She uses her platform to educate families on ways to decrease and eliminate health disparities by incorporating wellness and mental health techniques.
Young Moss is the creator of the websites DrStephanieYoMo.com and MenopauseInColor.com, providing practical health and wellness tips and resources for women experiencing perimenopause and menopause. She has over 100,000 people in her social media communities. She has also contributed to Pharmacy Times and shared her views on international and national podcasts and local television news.
She has served on various boards for organizations that focus on health equity, decreasing implicit bias, addressing social determinants of health, and empowering communities to advocate for their health. She has also been on the boards for the Minority Health Coalition of Marion County and Eskenazi Health Center, for which she was the clinical quality committee chair and board secretary and is currently the board treasurer. She is a board member for Community Action of Greater Indianapolis.

Christopher Wolter, MD
Medical Reviewer
Christopher Wolter, MD, is an assistant professor in urology at Mayo Clinic in Phoenix, Arizona. He has been in practice since 2008, specializing in the areas of urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, urologic reconstruction, urologic prosthetics, post prostate cancer survivorship, erectile dysfunction, neurourology and neuromodulation, and overall functional considerations of urogenital health.
Dr. Wolter has been heavily involved in urologic education. He spent the last 12 years heavily involved in resident education and leadership for his department, including the last eight years as urology residency program director. He currently serves as the director of urologic education for the preclinical and clinical rotations for the Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine Phoenix, Arizona, campus.
Wolter completed his undergraduate and medical education at the University of Illinois. He then completed his urology residency at Tulane University in New Orleans, followed by a fellowship in female pelvic medicine and reconstructive urology at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee.
- Urology Services and Treatments. Mayo Clinic Health System.
- 15 Tips to Keep Your Bladder Healthy. National Institute on Aging. January 24, 2022.
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